Archive for 2014-12-28

Retele electrice

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Title: Retele electrice
Author: Info electric
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Retea electrica = partea din SEN pentru transportul si distributia energiei electrice. Aceasta cuprinde linii electrice aeriene - LEA, i...

<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"> </span> </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">Retea electrica = partea din SEN pentru transportul si distributia energiei electrice. Aceasta cuprinde linii electrice aeriene - LEA, in cablu -</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">  </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">LEC, statii, posturi de transf – PT, puncte de alimentare – PA, tablouri de distributie.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"><b>Statie de transformare</b> = </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">ansamblu de instalatii si constructii care transforma energia electrica de o anumita tensiune in energie electrica de alta tensiune de la I.T. la M.T.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"><b>Post de transformare</b> = </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">transforma energia de la M.T. la J.T.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="color: black;"><b>Punct de alimentare</b> = </span><span lang="IT" style="color: black;">distribuie energia la aceeasi tensiune</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="color: black;"><b>Linii electrice</b> = </span><span lang="IT" style="color: black;">asigura legatura intre statii, statii – posturi, posturi si consumatori</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="color: black;"><b>CLASIFICAREA RETELELOR ELECTRICE :</b></span><span lang="IT" style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dupa tensiune:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="color: black;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="IT" style="color: black;">joasa tensiune  =  400/230 V</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="color: black;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal;">   </span></span><span lang="IT" style="color: black;">medie tensiune = 6, 10, 20 kV – 110</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="color: black;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal;">   </span></span><span lang="IT" style="color: black;">inalta tensiune = 220, 400, 750 kV</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dupa functie:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-  retele de utilizare, alimenteaza de regula receptoare casnice si mici motoare</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="color: black;">- retele de distributie,  prin care se transmite energia electrica in zonele de consum si se distribuie la consumatori. </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Reteaua include linii electrice cu tensiunea de cel mult 110 kV, instalatii electrice si echipamente de masurare.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">         - retele de transport, </span><span lang="RO" style="color: black;">retele electrice de inalta tensiune, de 220 kV  si  mai  mult,  prin  care  se  transporta  la  distanta puteri  electrice  importante.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">            - retele de interconexiune folosesc tensiuni intre 110 – 750 kV si realizeaza legaturi intre doua sau mai multe SE.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">            Dupa topologie:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="RO" style="color: black;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal;">                           </span></span><span lang="RO" style="color: black;">retele radiale = consumatorul primeste tensiune dintr-o singura sursa; siguranta in functionare este redusa, dar sunt ieftine si usor de exploatat</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="RO" style="color: black;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal;">                           </span></span><span lang="RO" style="color: black;">retele buclate = fiecare consumator primeste energie din doua parti, cu avantajul unei sigurante crescute, dar si cu costurile de rigoare</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="RO" style="color: black;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal;">                           </span></span><span lang="RO" style="color: black;">retele complex buclate = se poate primi energie din mai mult de doua surse</span></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dupa sistem:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="RO" style="color: black;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal;">                           </span></span><span lang="RO" style="color: black;">continuu</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="RO" style="color: black;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal;">                           </span></span><span lang="RO" style="color: black;">alternativ mono sau trifazat</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="color: black; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div>

Retele electrice

Retea electrica = partea din SEN pentru transportul si distributia energiei electrice. Aceasta cuprinde linii electrice aeriene - LEA, in cablu - LEC, statii, posturi de transf – PT, puncte de alim…

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30 Dec 2014

Exemplu dimensionare priza de pamant

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Title: Exemplu dimensionare priza de pamant
Author: Info electric
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

DIMENSIONAREA PRIZEI DE PAMANT Dimensionarea prizei de pamant s-a efectuat conform STAS 6119, pentru urmatoarele date de calcul s...

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<b><span lang="RO">DIMENSIONAREA PRIZEI DE PAMANT</span></b></h3>
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<b><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">      </span></b><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">Dimensionarea prizei de pamant s-a
efectuat conform STAS 6119, pentru urmatoarele date de calcul si in ipoteza
absentei prizei naturale a constructiilor:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         
</span></span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">rezistivitatea de calcul a solului (argila), </span><span lang="RO" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;"> = 80 </span><span lang="RO" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">W</span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">m;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         
</span></span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">lungimea electrodului , l = 3 m;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         
</span></span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">diametrul exterior al tevii, d = 0,06 m (teava OL Zn 2
½”);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         
</span></span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">distanta de la partea superioara a electrodului pana la
suprafata solului, q = 0,5 m;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         
</span></span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">distanta dintre electrozi, e = 3 m;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         
</span></span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">numarul de electrozi ales, n = 36 buc;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         
</span></span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">adancimea de la jumatatea electrodului la suprafata
terenului, h = q + l/2 = 2 m;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         
</span></span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">coeficientul de corectie pentru 30 electrozi legati in
paralel, C = 2,24;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         
</span></span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">lungimea prizei orizontale ( OL Zn 40 x 4 mm), l` = 110
m. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">Aplicand relatia de calcul din
tabelul 6, rezulta rezistenta de dispersie a prizei simple  verticale (rezistenta de dispersie a unui
electrod), <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">rph = 0,366 x [log2l/d + ½ x
log(4h+l) / (4h-l)] x </span><span lang="RO" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">/l = 21,119 </span><span lang="RO" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">W</span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">Se calculeaza coeficientul de
utilizare pentru cazul dispunerii electrozilor pe un contur dreptunghic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">u = 1 / [1 + q x C / 2 x p x rph
/ n] = 0,415<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">Rezulta rezistenta de dispersie a
prizei multiple verticale alese, Rp1 = rph / u x n = 1,7 </span><span lang="RO" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">W</span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">Rezistenta de dispersie aferenta
benzii de otel lat OL Zn 40 x 4 mm ( b = 0,04 m) este de<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">rpq =  0,366 x </span><span lang="RO" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;"> / l` x log(2 x l` x l` / b x q) = 1,92 </span><span lang="RO" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">W</span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">Calculul rezistentei de dispersie
a prizei complexe se face cu formula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">Rip = Rp1 x rpq / (Rp1 + rpq) =
1,7 x 1,92 / (1,7 + 1,92) = <b>0,9 </b></span><b><span lang="RO" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">W</span></b><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;"> < 1 </span><span lang="RO" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">W</span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">Concluzie: </span></i></b><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">Pentru asigurarea rezistentei de
dispersie sub valoarea de 1 </span><span lang="RO" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">W</span><span lang="RO" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">, necesara pentru priza
de pamant comuna si pentru instalatia de paratrasnet, va fi executata o priza
de pamant artificiala din 36 de electrozi din teava de OL Zn 2 ½”, cu lungimea
de cca.3 m / electrod, legati intre ei cu banda de otel lat  OL Zn 40x4 mm, dispusi pe un contur
dreptunghic deschis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>

Exemplu dimensionare priza de pamant

DIMENSIONAREA PRIZEI DE PAMANT Dimensionarea prizei de pamant s-a efectuat conform STAS 6119, pentru urmatoarele date de calcul si in ipoteza absentei prizei naturale a constructiilor: - …

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29 Dec 2014

Tipuri de prize de pamant

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Title: Tipuri de prize de pamant
Author: Info electric
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Tipuri de prize de pamant

…

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29 Dec 2014

Grade de protectie IP

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Title: Grade de protectie IP
Author: Info electric
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GRADE DE PROTECTIE ASIGURATE PRIN CARCASE (Cod IP) Grad de protectie - nivel de protectie asigurat de o carcasa impotriva accesului la pa...

<h3 align="justify" class="style2" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 30px 0px 5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red;">GRADE DE PROTECTIE ASIGURATE PRIN CARCASE (Cod IP)</span></h3>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.9247999191284px;">
Grad de protectie - nivel de protectie asigurat de o carcasa impotriva accesului la partile periculoase, impotriva corpurilor solide si/sau impotriva patrunderii apei si verificat prin metode de incercare standardizate.</div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.9247999191284px;">
Cod IP (International Protection) - sistem de codificare pentru indicarea gradelor de protectie asigurate de o carcasa impotriva accesului la partile periculoase, patrunderii corpurilor solide straine, patrunderii apei si pentru furnizarea de informatii suplimentare referitoare la o asemenea protectie.</div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.9247999191284px;">
Dispunerea Codului IP</div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.9247999191284px;">
In practica curenta, codul IP are urmatoarea forma: IPXX</div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.9247999191284px;">
Elementele Codului IP</div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.9247999191284px;">
<b>Prima cifra caracteristica dupa IP reprezinta gradul de protectie impotriva corpurilor solide straine.</b></div>
<table border="1" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.9247999191284px; width: 391px;"><tbody>
<tr><td width="177"><div align="center">
<b>Prima cifra caracteristica</b></div>
</td><td width="198"><div align="center">
<b>Descriere prescurtata</b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
0</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Neprotejat</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
1</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva corpurilor solide straine cu diametrul mai mare sau egal cu 50 mm</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
2</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva corpurilor solide straine cu diametrul mai mare sau egal cu 12.5 mm</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
3</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva corpurilor solide straine cu diametrul mai mare sau egal cu 2.5 mm</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td height="29"><div align="center">
4</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva corpurilor solide straine cu diametrul mai mare sau egal cu 1 mm</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
5</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva prafului</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
6</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Etans la praf</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.9247999191284px;">
<b>A doua cifra caracteristica dupa IP reprezinta gradul de protectie impotriva patrunderii apei.</b></div>
<table border="1" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.9247999191284px; width: 391px;"><tbody>
<tr><td width="177"><div align="center">
A doua cifra caracteristica</div>
</td><td width="198"><div align="center">
Descriere prescurtata</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
0</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Neprotejat</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
1</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva caderilor verticale ale stropilor de apa</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
2</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva caderilor verticale ale stropilor de apa cand carcasa este inclinata la maxim 15°</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
3</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva apei pulverizate</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td height="29"><div align="center">
4</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva apei improscate</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
5</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva jeturilor de apa</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
6</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva jeturilor puternice de apa</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
7</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva efectelor unei scufundari temporare in apa</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="center">
8</div>
</td><td><div align="justify">
Protejat impotriva efectelor unei scufundari prelungite in apa</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.9247999191284px;">
Nota: Carcasele pentru aparatura de automatizare care se monteaza in exterior (aer liber) trebuie sa ofere un grad de protectie de minim IP65. Datorita diferentei reduse a costului de fabricatie, astazi se produc in mod frecvent carcase cu grad de protectie IP66 sau IP67. Carcasele pentru aparatura de automatizare care se monteaza in interior (in incinte acoperite) trebuie sa ofere un grad de protectie de minim IP44.</div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.9247999191284px;">
<br /></div>

Grade de protectie IP

GRADE DE PROTECTIE ASIGURATE PRIN CARCASE (Cod IP) Grad de protectie - nivel de protectie asigurat de o carcasa impotriva accesului la partile periculoase, impotriva corpurilor solide si/sau impotriv…

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29 Dec 2014

Formule si unitati de masura

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Title: Formule si unitati de masura
Author: Info electric
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Formule si unitati de masura

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29 Dec 2014

Sistemul energetic national

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Title: Sistemul energetic national
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Sistemul energetic national (SEN) , este sistemul care produce si distribuie curentul, pe teritoriul Romaniei si este format din totalitatea...

<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi063qaLOHDRTL0pRHvpDDG_R2PT2-fHtNNZBvhHQ0bWzQLi6qQvmyv7efEK2TtM4BTTHggDNqPOI523k4x8vxN-MWsDzmYKT5WB10Q_wABhxPtY0bgSQWGV_tzCGvrtUYph_hXEVrnUQY/s1600/21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi063qaLOHDRTL0pRHvpDDG_R2PT2-fHtNNZBvhHQ0bWzQLi6qQvmyv7efEK2TtM4BTTHggDNqPOI523k4x8vxN-MWsDzmYKT5WB10Q_wABhxPtY0bgSQWGV_tzCGvrtUYph_hXEVrnUQY/s1600/21.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Sistemul energetic national (SEN)</b>, este sistemul care produce si distribuie curentul, pe teritoriul Romaniei si este format din totalitatea centralelor electrice si retelele de distributie interconectate, de pe teritoriul tarii noastre.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Romania dispune de trei tipuri de energie:</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - termoelectrica, </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> - hidroelectrica </span><br /><span style="background-color: white;"> - nucleara.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>Un scurt istoric al producerii de energie electrică în România:</b></span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">1882 la Bucureşti se realizează primele instalaţii demonstrative de iluminat electric;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">1 noiembrie 1884 a fost pusă în funcţiune uzina electrică din Timişoara, prevăzută cu patru grupuri de câte 30 kW pentru iluminat;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">Prima centrală şi reţea de distribuţie în curent alternativ monofazat din ţara noastră s-a construit la Caransebeş între 1888-1889, având frecvenţa 42Hz şi tensiunea 2000 V;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">1897 s-a pus în funcţiune la Doftana prima instalaţie pentru alimentarea cu energie electrică a schelelor petroliere cu curent electric trifazat de 500 V;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">15 iulie 1906 s-a pus în funcţiune centrala hidroelectrică de la Someşul Rece, pentru alimentarea cu energie electrică a oraşului Cluj, construită de firma Ganz din Budapesta (părţile mecanice şi electrice), firma italiana Lenarduzzi Ioan (amenajarea hidroelectrică) şi firma Nicholson (maşinile de abur şi cazanele pentru rezerva termică). Este echipată (şi în prezent este în funcţiune) cu două turbine Francis de 1200 CP, cuplate cu două generatoare electrice de 1200 kVA, 15 kV, 42 Hz şi o maşină cu abur de 350 CP cuplată cu un generator electric de 300 kVA;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">În 1930 are loc modificare generatoarelor de la 42 Hz la 50 Hz, efectuată tot de compania Ganz din Budapesta;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">1900 prima linie de 25 kV din ţara noastră este linia trifazată Câmpina - Sinaia, de 31,5 km, cu conductoare din cupru de 35 mm2, pe stâlpi metalici;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">1915 a fost pusă în funcţiune linia trifazată de 55 kV Reşiţa - Anina de 25 km lungime, cu conductoare de cupru de 50 mm2 şi conductor de protecţie din oţel, pe stâlpi metalici;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">1924, s-a construit şi linia trifazată de 60 kV Floreşti - Ploieşti - Bucureşti;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">1930 prima linie aeriană de 110 kV din ţara noastră, care lega hidrocentrala Dobreşti, prin Târgovişte, cu Bucureştiul;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">1950 prima linie în cablu subteran de 60 kV utilizată la traversarea Dunării între Giurgiu şi Russe;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">1961 se construieşte prima linie de 220 kV pe traseul Bicaz - Sângeorgiu - Luduş;</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">1963 s-a dat în folosinţă linia de 400 kV între centrala termoelectrică Luduş şi staţia Mukacevo din Ukraina, prin care sistemul electroenergetic al României este interconectat cu sistemele ţărilor din estul Europei: URSS,</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">Ungaria, Cehoslovacia etc.</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">1996 a intrat în funcţiune prima din cele cinci unităţi ale CNE Cernavodă (700 MW), echipat cu un reactor CANDU ( unitatea nr. 2 în proporţie de 70%, unităţile 3, 4 şi 5 realizate în proporţie de 15%).</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">În sectorul de producere în perioada 2001 – 2004, obiectivul principal a fost restructurarea acestuia, pentru a răspunde cerinţelor de creare a pieţei competitive de energie. Acest proces de restructurare s-a făcut etapizat prin Hotărâri de Guvern, ajungându-se de la o structura a S.C. Termoelectrica S.A. cu 41 centrale si Pi (putere instalată) = 13.009 MW, in 2000, la o structura cu 3 complexe energetice (Turceni, Rovinari şi Craiova – Pi = 4.230 MW); S.C. Electrocentrale Bucureşti (9 centrale - Pi = 2.938 MW); S.C. Electrocentrale Deva (Pi = 1.260 MW); S.C. Electrocentrale Galati (3 centrale - Pi = 1.317 MW) în anul 2004. La nivelul Termoelectrica in anul 2004 puterea instalata este de 5.515 MW împărţită în 3 filiale de productie. </span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">Începând cu anul 2001 producţia de energie electrica a fost crescătoare ajungând în 2003 la 56.406 GWh, cu o creştere de 3,8% fată de anul 2002.</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">Al doilea producător de energie electrica in Romania este S.C. Hidroelectrica care are o putere instalata de 6.250 MW si a productie anuala de cca. 16.000 GWh, reprezentand circa 1/3 din consumul energetic al tarii. </span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">Principalele centrale hidroelectrice in ordinea punerii in functiune a acestora sunt: CHE Stejaru (210 MW), Vidraru (220 MW), Portile de Fier I (1050 MW), Lotru (510 MW), Mariselu (220 MW) si altele.</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">La S.C. Hidroelectrica pretul de vanzare al energiei electrice este reglementat de ANRE.</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">Un alt producator important pe piata de energie electrica din tara noastra este S.N. Nuclearelectrica S.A. care produce cca. 10% din necesarul de consum, producand cca. 5,5 TWh anual. Pretul de energie electrica livrata in sistem este reglementat de ANRE.</span><br style="line-height: 18px;" /><span style="line-height: 18px;">Un alt actor important in cadrul Sistemului Energetic National este S.C. Transelectrica S.A. care asigura accesul reglementat al tertilor la reteaua electrica de transport, in mod transparent, nediscriminatoriusi echidistant fata de toti participantii la piata de energie electrica.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span>

Sistemul energetic national

Sistemul energetic national (SEN), este sistemul care produce si distribuie curentul, pe teritoriul Romaniei si este format din totalitatea centralelor electrice si retelele de distributie interconect…

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28 Dec 2014

Cabluri electrice

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Title: Cabluri electrice
Author: Info electric
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Cablul electric , este un mănunchi de fire conductoare, folosit pentru a transmite energie electrică sau semnale de telefonie fixă. Cel mai...

<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="color: red;">Cablul electric</span></i></b>, este un mănunchi de fire conductoare, folosit pentru a transmite energie electrică sau semnale de telefonie fixă.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Cel mai folosit material conductor este</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>cuprul<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, datorită</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>rezistivității<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">reduse și proprietăților mecanice. Un alt material folosit este</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>aluminiul<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, care este mai ieftin, însă are proprietăți mecanice mai proaste decât cuprul (supus unei presiuni de contact se deformează în timp) și are ~63% din conductivitatea electrică a cuprului.</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 24px;"> Simbolizarea conductoarelor si cablurilor electrice.</span></b><span style="line-height: 24px;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">            </span><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Se face cu 4 grupe de litere si 2 grupe de cifre astfel:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 24px;">I grupa de litere</span></b><span style="line-height: 24px;"> - reprezinta materialul din care <span class="GramE">este</span> conductorul</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">                        </span><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">- <b>A </b> daca conductorul este din aluminiu</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- fara litera </b> daca conductorul este din cupru</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">II grupa de litere </span></b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">- reprezinta domeniul de utilizare :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- F</b>  instalatii electrice fixe</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- M </b> instalatii electrice mobile</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- C</b>  cabluri de energie de joasa tensiune si medie tensiune</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- CS</b>  cabluri de semnalizare</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- CC</b>  cabluri de comanda si control</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- T</b>  cabluri de telecomunicatii</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR">III grupa de litere </span></b><span lang="FR"> reprezinta materialele izolatoare folosite si mantalele de protectie</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- Y</b>  izolatie PVC</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- C</b> izolatie cauciuc</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- H</b>  izolatie hartie</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- T </b> impletitura textila</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- E </b> ecran de protectie</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- B</b> sau <b>Ab</b>  armatura din banda de otel</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">                        </span><b><span style="line-height: 24px;">- <span class="GramE">P  <span style="font-weight: normal;">manta</span></span></span></b><span style="line-height: 24px;"> din plumb</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- <span class="GramE">S<span style="font-weight: normal;">  manta</span></span></b> PVC ingrosata</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">IV grupa de litere </span></b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"> reprezinta regimul de executie</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">                        </span><b><span style="line-height: 24px;">- <span class="GramE">U<span style="font-weight: normal;">  executie</span></span></span></b><span style="line-height: 24px;"> usoara</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- <span class="GramE">M  <span style="font-weight: normal;">executie</span></span></b> medie</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- <span class="GramE">G  <span style="font-weight: normal;">executie</span></span></b> grea</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">                        </span><b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">- I</span></b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">  greu combustibil</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                        <b>- ff  </b>constructie foarte flexibila</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Prima grupa de cifre</span></b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"> - reprezinta numarul de conduictoare din cablu</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">A doua grupa de cifre</span></b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"> - reprezinta sectiunea conductoarelor in <span class="GramE">mm<sup>2</sup> .</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tipuri de cabluri electrice:</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipNrorZYVuIenOBHvK_KrAlJgudqZBBCiG2Vj7MLBHqgCCnn4KmTER1OU5Cdw6_PQ3B6-PBQsIiutvgk_jpkndqgf93y7aWzTukh0d9j8o9q8Yvw2sj0ThTo_DkwPdk2rngmKw6m5C6Hg/s1600/Conductor-FY-4-din-Cupru-masiv_4080802_1253521916.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipNrorZYVuIenOBHvK_KrAlJgudqZBBCiG2Vj7MLBHqgCCnn4KmTER1OU5Cdw6_PQ3B6-PBQsIiutvgk_jpkndqgf93y7aWzTukh0d9j8o9q8Yvw2sj0ThTo_DkwPdk2rngmKw6m5C6Hg/s1600/Conductor-FY-4-din-Cupru-masiv_4080802_1253521916.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Conductorul din cupru FY<a href="http://www.cabluelectric.ro/cabluri-electrice/conductor-electric/fy-conductor-fy" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></a></b></i> este un conductor rigid izolat, de uz general care se foloseste cu precadere in instalatii electrice fixe montate pe/in tencuiala in tuburi de protectie, la circuitele de semnalizare si control.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">F – miez de cablu aplicat cu petrol / invelis de metal / cablu de otel plat / F cablu cu mai multe cuarte in stea pentru calea ferata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Y – PVC / fire plate fine</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cablul de energie ACYAbY face parte din categoria cablurilor electrice de energie armate care contine un conductor din aluminiu unifilar din clasa de flexibilitate 1 sau multifilar din clasa de flexibilitate 2, in conformitate cu SR EN 60228. Izolatia este din PVC tip DIV 10 iar mantaua exterioara din PVC tip DMV 17 in variantele de culori negru sau gri, este responsabila de proprietatile ignifuge ale cablului.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A – cablu de exterior / design national aprobat / tip national<br />C – ecran din fire de cupru impletite / ecran din fire de cupru filate<br />Y – PVC<br />b – armatura</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Kq2QnURlGo3m3RDGcRJqdwZeNUkwswCTGUyM4zoEiKB0LzZGsggRZ1UFb8Pme_IV_uqcqWpbZ1fSa_nqJUF47RF3x3S2eBum7V1wk3H2nG2ge2JOZJzr4OoPRBtjfrjFY03kEjlOMh0/s1600/Sectiune+nominala+conductor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Kq2QnURlGo3m3RDGcRJqdwZeNUkwswCTGUyM4zoEiKB0LzZGsggRZ1UFb8Pme_IV_uqcqWpbZ1fSa_nqJUF47RF3x3S2eBum7V1wk3H2nG2ge2JOZJzr4OoPRBtjfrjFY03kEjlOMh0/s1600/Sectiune+nominala+conductor.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH9A72AJDFeJkmPeDEk6gCruHpQpiko7P6tynzDptkTUelNtAdBWSzjtq_Z3Nws0spkM9vu3z_xVBqFxTlWjKszqqLWLPwPXLw5QDmnoBQUEjqrkVHqHWfyzRWsmzgRgprhUFL_Lzn4tg/s1600/011609160841.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH9A72AJDFeJkmPeDEk6gCruHpQpiko7P6tynzDptkTUelNtAdBWSzjtq_Z3Nws0spkM9vu3z_xVBqFxTlWjKszqqLWLPwPXLw5QDmnoBQUEjqrkVHqHWfyzRWsmzgRgprhUFL_Lzn4tg/s1600/011609160841.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ACYY</b> este un cablu de energie cu conductor de aluminiu sau de cupru, cu izolatie si manta din PVC pentru retelele electrice de suprafata.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Se foloseste in instalatii electrice fixe, in retele electrice de curent continuu si alternativ, in statii de energie electrica, in instalatii electrice electrice industriale. Nu trebuie instalat in medii corozive care pot ataca mantaua de PVC a cablului. Cablurile <b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ACYY-F</b> au manta de PVC cu intarziere marita la propagare flacara.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tensiunea electrica nominala: U0/U=0,6/1,0(1,2) kV</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A</b> - tip national / cablu de exterior / design national aprobat<br /><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</b> – ecran din fire de cupru impletite / ecran din fire de cupru filate<br /><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Y</b> – PVC / fire plate fine</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdqHcel4QapxtYc4C3I4llKhosRRcJwEu6sky2H4g5gyWigLpYX3Y-mDTOdkQg__RolIKdIh75TR8MqQVo8Kk8BXj64ANXc4Mhvm0LGzJH2fTCB42DSEKI-qQg4hFDpushNWFsdxo7yA/s1600/CYY.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdqHcel4QapxtYc4C3I4llKhosRRcJwEu6sky2H4g5gyWigLpYX3Y-mDTOdkQg__RolIKdIh75TR8MqQVo8Kk8BXj64ANXc4Mhvm0LGzJH2fTCB42DSEKI-qQg4hFDpushNWFsdxo7yA/s1600/CYY.jpg" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Cablurile CYY</b> din categoria F, usor de recunoscut dupa mantaua gri, prezinta proprietati ignifuge foarte bune. Ca descriere fizica, CYY au in componenta un conductor de cupru unifilar cu clasa de flexibilitate 1 (<10 mm2) sau multifilar cu clasa de flexibilitate 2 (>10mm2), cu izolatie de PVC tip I88 (IF), manta de umplutura SDR si manta PVC tip I88 (IF). Vin in variante in care incorporeaza de la 1 la peste 5 conductoare, ce respecta un cod al culorilor: 1 conductor ( galben-verde sau albastru), 2 conductoare (negru, galben-verde), 3 conductoare ( galben-verde, albastru, maro), 4 conductoare ( albastru, maro, negru, gri/ galben-verde, march, negru, gri), 5 conductoare (galben-verde, albastru, maro, negru, gri/ albastru, maro, negru, gri, negru).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">C – ecran din fire de cupru impletite / ecran din fire de cupru filate<br />Y – fire plate fine / PVC</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cablul CSYY-F</b> este un cablu armat de semnalizare cu conductor de cupru flexibil clasa 5, conform SR EN 60228, izolatie si manta interioare / exterioara de PVC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cablul se utilizeaza in instalaţii electrice fixe, pozate in incaperi interioare, in canale, in aer liber, in pamant, in apa (cu excepţia apelor contaminate care ataca mantaua de PVC). Cablurile cu intarziere marita la propagarea flacarii sunt destinate pozarii individuale sau in grup in gospodariile de cabluri (tunele, subsoluri, canale, poduri, galerii ale centralelor si statiilor electrice).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</b> – ecran din fire de cupru impletite / ecran din fire de cupru filate</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">S</b> – cablu de semnal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Y</b> – fire plate fine / PVC</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSxDEbyv_PUvSt28Jn8IjbGkJJZNqDNa4GieUuPe1ygxrL8a2CDiEBku4dscB5Vo3NA1FiSrAvlBaocbgzAC8B-uOViGfjVfQWPIt5PtHSW_ZsjTcf7cZbN411J8wnk3AUMM9GgeO9pZw/s1600/MCCG.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSxDEbyv_PUvSt28Jn8IjbGkJJZNqDNa4GieUuPe1ygxrL8a2CDiEBku4dscB5Vo3NA1FiSrAvlBaocbgzAC8B-uOViGfjVfQWPIt5PtHSW_ZsjTcf7cZbN411J8wnk3AUMM9GgeO9pZw/s1600/MCCG.jpeg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">MCCG</b> este un cod al <span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">cablurilor electrice</span> flexibile cu conductor de cupru multifilar flexibil clasa 5, conform SR EN 60228, care contin un strat separator de folie poliesterica.Izolatia si mantaua cablului sunt din amestec de cauciu obisnuit, iar tensiunea nomina este : U0/U = 450/750 V</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">M – cablu cu izolatie din plastic / conduc<br />C – ecran din fire de cupru impletite / ecran din fire de cupru filate<br />G – izolate sau cu teaca din materiale RUBBER</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">tor de cablu izolat</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Acest tip de cablu electric se foloseste in special la utilaje deoarece are manta rezistenta la uzura, frecare .</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLyz62pxZEV9UPNZYvXYNK0iwmN6Fv7T6xOQjXGtdV8TYREyetQG66rhRfq6hQRlqGtgB4q_87qbpX9_wQLMz_PgaBtd3BVXyTK3KNu7bufDJGDoJJDlJusHgUvyPdqJPvyFcg0by8HTQ/s1600/MYF+3X2.5-500x500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLyz62pxZEV9UPNZYvXYNK0iwmN6Fv7T6xOQjXGtdV8TYREyetQG66rhRfq6hQRlqGtgB4q_87qbpX9_wQLMz_PgaBtd3BVXyTK3KNu7bufDJGDoJJDlJusHgUvyPdqJPvyFcg0by8HTQ/s1600/MYF+3X2.5-500x500.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cablul MYYM</b> este un cablu flexibil cu conductor de cupru flexibil clasa 5, conform SR EN 60228, manta si izolatie din PVC.<br />Este folosit pentru instalatii electrice semi-industriale, cablurile fiind supuse la solicitari mecanice medii.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M</b> – cablu cu izolatie din plastic / conductor de cablu izolat<br /><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Y</b> – fire plate fine / PVC</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Acest tip de cablu este cel mai des intalnit in instalatiile electrice casnice la alimentarea corpurilor de iluminat , alimentarea aparatelor electrocasnice etc</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cablul TYIR</b> este alcatuit din mai multe conductoare aluminiu, torsadate, cu izolatie PVC. In interiorul mantalei, exista 3 tipuri de conductori: un conductor din otel-aluminiu, conductoare de faza pentru retelele electrice trifazate, conductoare de faza pentru retelele de iluminat public.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9UvE6Iwrey-TNeAKq8NSV6IIJ6vkyYt0tCJTkqD7zoixChzrVjWoITQaEHAFuhVoSBzIBj5tFuyc4ie6EvKZ4V4374bKiV4AwbF5R__9lNJEdqyrRm5v14POOiKfwC06GHpA00wDvylU/s1600/tyir.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9UvE6Iwrey-TNeAKq8NSV6IIJ6vkyYt0tCJTkqD7zoixChzrVjWoITQaEHAFuhVoSBzIBj5tFuyc4ie6EvKZ4V4374bKiV4AwbF5R__9lNJEdqyrRm5v14POOiKfwC06GHpA00wDvylU/s1600/tyir.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">TYIR</b> se foloseste pentru bransamente si retele aeriene de joasa tensiune. Se utilizeaza pentru realizarea retelelor electrice de alimentare a abonatilor casnici si pentru retelele de iluminat public.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tensiunea nominala: U</span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/U = 0,6/ 1 KV</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T</b> - impletit textil<br /><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Y</b> - fire plate fine / PVC<br /><b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">R</b> - fire fine standard / cauciuc doropren</span></div>
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Cabluri electrice

Cablul electric, este un mănunchi de fire conductoare, folosit pentru a transmite energie electrică sau semnale de telefonie fixă. Cel mai folosit material conductor este cuprul, datorită rezistivităț…

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28 Dec 2014

Posuri de transformare

Info electric

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Title: Posuri de transformare
Author: Info electric
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Posturile de transformare au rolul de a transforma energia electrica de la tensiuni medii (6 – 20 kV) la tensiunea joasa, pentru alime...

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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48px;">Posturile de transformare au rolul de a transforma energia electrica de la</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48px;">  </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48px;">tensiuni medii (6 – 20 kV) la tensiunea joasa, pentru alimentarea nemiklocita a consumatorilor indutriali si casnici la tensiunea aparatelor de consum. Tensiunea secundata este de 500; 380 / 220 V sau 220 / </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">127 (208 / 110) V.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">• Formele constructive adoptate pentru posturile de transformare<b> </b>depind de schema electrica a postului si de lucul de functionare. </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">Se <span class="GramE">deosebesc :</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Posturi de transformare in cabine zidite ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Posturi de transformare aeriene pe stalpi ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px;">Posturi de transformare prefabricate (in cabine metalice<span class="GramE">) .</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Posturile de transformare in cabine zidite<b> </b>se executa in variantele:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Supraterane<span class="GramE">,din</span> zidarie sau din prefabricate;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px;">Subterane<span class="GramE">,din</span> beton armat.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In ambele variante un post de transformare contine o camera pentru instalatia de distributie de inalta tensiune, o camera pentru transformator si o camera pentru tabloul de distributie de joasa tensiune. La posturile  suterane ventilatia se executa fortat, iar gurile de ventilatie se scot in exterior.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sub transformator se prevede o cuva, pentru colectarea uleiului in cazut avarierii transformatorului, care se umple cu pietris.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legatura transformatorului cu instalatia de distributie de inalta tensiune se executa prin cablu. Legatura transformatorului cu instalatia de distributie de joasa tensiune se executa prin cablu sau, uneori, cu bare neizolate, ce trec printr-un gol lasat in peretele despartitor.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fiecare incapere are intrare separata, intrarea in camera instalatiei de distributie de joasa tensiune sau a tabloului de distributie de joasa tensiune fiind singura accesibila abonatului, in cazul posturilor de transformare la abonat.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Posturile de transformare aeriene<b> </b>se pot executa pe stalpi de metal, de lemn sau de beton. In tara noastra au luat o larga utilizare posturile aeriene pe stalpi de beton armat centrifugat care se executa in urmatorele variante:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Pe un stalp, pentru puteri pana la 100 kVA;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Pe doi stalpi, pentru puteri de la 100 la 250 de kVA.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Aceste posturi se echipeaza, pe partea de inalta tensiune, cu sigurante fuzibile si descarcatoare tubulare. Separatorul se monteaza pe stalpul terminal. Tabloul de joasa tensiune se monteaza intr-o cutie de distributie de unde pleaca liniile aeriene de joasa tensiune.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">            </span></b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Posturile de transformare prefabricate se executa pentru mai multe utilizari:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Posturi de transformare prefabricate pentru puteri pana la 400 de kVA, cu legaturi de cablu, utilizabile in mediul urban si industrial ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Posturi de transformare semiindustriale cu transfromatoare pana la 400 de kVA, cu legaturi aeriene, utilizabile pe santier, in anumite intreprinderi industriale (de exemplu la fabrici de caramizi), in centrele rurale mai mari etc. ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Posturi prefabricate, tip santier, cu transformatoare pana la 1000 de kVA, care constau din doua cabine, una pentru inalta tensiune, alta pentru joasa tensiune, iar transformatorul montat in exterior, intre aceste cabine, si izolat cu panouri de sarma impletita;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">Posturi semimobile, cu puteri pana la 160 kVA, pentru santiere mici, tractabile pe sanie.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 20px;">  </span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;">1   Echipamente folosite in constructia posturilor de transformatoare</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Echipamentele principale utilizabile la constructia posturilor de transformare sunt :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px;">Aparatele din circuitele primare;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px;">Transformatoarele;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px;">Aparatele din circuitele secundare;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px;">Prefabricatele si subansamblurile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• Aparatele montate in circuitele primare se inpart in urmatoarele categorii:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Intreruptoarele<b> </b>sunt capabile sa intrerupa sau sa inchida sau sa inchida circuitele electrice de curenti mari in conditii normale sau in regim de scrutcircuit.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ele sunt folosite pentru efectuarea de manevre sub sarcina pentru deconectarea in timp foarte scurt, a unor portiuni din retele, asigurand posibilitatea functionarii normale a restului retelei.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Separatoarele de sarcina<b> </b>sunt capabile sa intrerupa sau sa inchida curenti electrici la sarcina normala, permitand efectuarea de manevrei in retele, acolo unde intreruptoarele nu sunt justificate din punct de vedere economic.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">            Separatoarele<b> </b>sunt capabile sa intrerupa sau sa inchida un circuit electric numai in lipsa curentului, sau in cazul unor curenti mici, dar care realizeaza o separare vizibila si sigura.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">            Sigurantele fuzibile sunt cele mai simple aparate electrice care protejeaza circuitele inpotriva curentilor de suprasarcina. Sigurantele de inalta tensiune se manevreaza numai fara sarcina si fara tensiune.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• Transformatoarele.<b> </b>In posturile electrice de transformatoare se folosesc transformatoare de putere si transformatoare de masurat.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Transformatoarele de putere servesc la transformarea parametrilor principali ai energiei electrice, pentru a face posibil transportul si ditributia  acesteia in conditii tehnice si economice optime.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Transformatoarele de masurat reduc tensiunile prea inalte sau curentii prea mari, in valori mai mici, corespunzatoare celor ale aparatelor de masurat, de comanda si de protectie.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•<b> </b>Aparatele montate in circuite secundare servesc la diverse masurari, semnalizari, telecomanda, protectie prin relee si automatizare.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fiind destinate in general pentru a lucra la tensiuni joase si curenti mici, aceste aspirate au dimensiuni reduse fata de aparatele montate in circuitele primare. De asemenea, aparatele trebuie sa prezinte o mare siguranta in functionare si sa reziste la socurile  de curent primite din reteaua de inalta tensiune prin intermediul transformatoarelor de masura la care sunt conectate. Pentru acest motiv, ele au o constructie mai robusta decat aparatele din instalatiile obisnuite de joasa tensiune, fiin incercate la tensiune alternativa de 2000 V.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Grupele de conexiuni</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="RO"> <i>Grupe de conexiuni</i>. În functie de schemele de conexiuni ale înfasurarilor primare si secundare si de numerotarea bornelor, se pot obtine o multitudine de valori ale defazajului dintre tensiuni corespondente primara si secundara (de exemplu <u>U</u><sub>AB</sub>, <u>U</u><sub>ab</sub> , sau <u>U</u><sub>AX</sub>, <u>U</u><sub>ax</sub> ). Se poate usor verifica pentru un transformator Yy sau Dd ca acest defazaj este un multiplu de 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO"> (0</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">, 2 x 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">, 4 x 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">, 6 x 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">, 8 x 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">, 10 x 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">). Pentru un transformator Dy sau Yd acest defazaj este un multiplu impar de 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO"> (1 x 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">, 3 x 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">, 5 x 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">, 7 x 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">, 9 x 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">, 11 x 30</span><span lang="RO">°</span><span lang="RO">).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="line-height: 24px;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="height: 236px; left: -17px; top: 0px; width: 636px;"><img height="236" src="http://www.scritub.com/files/tehnica%20mecanica/2263_poze/image151.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1293 _x0000_s1203 _x0000_s1046 _x0000_s1164 _x0000_s1165 _x0000_s1166 _x0000_s1167 _x0000_s1168 _x0000_s1169 _x0000_s1170 _x0000_s1171 _x0000_s1172 _x0000_s1173 _x0000_s1174 _x0000_s1175 _x0000_s1176 _x0000_s1177 _x0000_s1178 _x0000_s1179 _x0000_s1180 _x0000_s1181 _x0000_s1182 _x0000_s1183 _x0000_s1184 _x0000_s1185 _x0000_s1186 _x0000_s1187 _x0000_s1188 _x0000_s1189 _x0000_s1190 _x0000_s1191 _x0000_s1192 _x0000_s1193 _x0000_s1194 _x0000_s1195 _x0000_s1197 _x0000_s1199 _x0000_s1201 _x0000_s1202 _x0000_s1204 _x0000_s1205 _x0000_s1206" width="636" /></span><br clear="ALL" /><span lang="RO">În sensul datelor nominale ale unui transformator, grupa de conexiuni este un simbol reprezentând schemele de conexiuni ale primarului si secundarului si cifra care caracterizeaza defazajul dintre doua tensiuni primara si secundara corespondente, de exemplu Yy0, Dd6, Yd5, Yz11. În figura de mai sus, sunt prezentate conexiunile si diagrama fazoriala a tensiunilor primare si secundare corespunzatoare grupelor de conexiuni Yy0, Yd5, Dz6.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pentru executarea posturilor de transformare se folosesc trei feluri de elemente prefabricate:</span></b></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -0.25in;">Posturi de transfromare tip aerian ;</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 24px; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 24px; text-indent: -0.25in;">Posturi de transformare in constructia metalica ;</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 24px; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span lang="FR" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 24px; text-indent: -0.25in;">Celule pentru posturi de transformare in cabine in zid.</span></span></li>
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<b>POST DE TRANSFORMARE AERIAN</b></div>
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                                         <b>POST DE TRANSFORMARE IN CABINA METALICA</b></div>
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<b>POST DE TRANSFORMARE IN CABINA DIN ZID</b></div>
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Posuri de transformare

Posturile de transformare au rolul de a transforma energia electrica de la tensiuni medii (6 – 20 kV) la tensiunea joasa, pentru alimentarea nemiklocita a consumatorilor indutriali si casnici la ten…

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28 Dec 2014

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