ELECTRICIANUL AUTORIZAT ANRE - 0723758558 - Instalatia de iluminat si prize

<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La proiectarea si executarea instalatiilor electrice interioare pentru iluminat normal si</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">prize se va tine seama de urmatoarele aspecte:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- circuitele pentru iluminat vor fi separate de circuitele de prize;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- se admit doze centralizate comune pentru circuitele de iluminat, prize, comenzisi</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">semnalizari numai daca aceste circuite functioneaza la aceeiasi tensiune;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- se prevad circuite monofazate de iluminat pentru o putere totala instalata de maxim 3</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">kW si circuite trifazate pentru o putere totala instalata de maxim 8 kW;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- numarul total de corpuri de iluminat pe faza nu va depasi 30;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- aparatele de conectare folosite pentru circuitele electrice ale lampilor fluorescente vor</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">avea un curent nominal de minim 10 A.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- corpurile de alimentat se vor alimenta intre faza si nul; la partea filetata a duliei lampii</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">se va lega conducta nul, iar la borna de interior a duliei se va lega conducta de faza trecuta</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">prin intrerupator;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- circuitele pentru prizele de utilizare generala vor fi incarcate cu maxim 15 prize simple</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sau duble;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- intrerupatoarele, comutatoarele si butoanele pentru iluminat se vor lega numai pe</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">conducte de faza; inaltimea de montare va fi de 1,5 m de la nivelul pardoselii finite;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- prizele se vor monta la urmatoarele inaltimide la pardoseala finita:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a) la 1,2 m in incaperi pentru bai, grupuri sanitare;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b) peste 0,2 m in alte incaperi.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Intreruptoarele, comutatoarele si prizele se vor monta la minim 0,8 m de la elementele</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">metalice in legatura cu pamantul.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Corpurile de iluminat de orice tip vor fi alimentate numai intre faza si nul.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="color: red;">Dimensionarea circuitelor si coloanelor de iluminat si forta</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"> <b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Scop: alegerea in mod optim a sectiunii conductoarelor, a aparatelor de conectare si a celor de protectie astfel incat sa se satisfaca conditiile de stabilitate termica in regim permanent si de scurta durata la pornire, a receptorului sau grupului de receptoare electrice care trebuie alimentate.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Pasul 1.                      <b> </b></span><b><u><span lang="FR" style="color: red;">Curentul de calcul</span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> -</span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">        </span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">circuit receptor</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><sub><span lang="DE"><img height="66" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1057" width="148" /></span></sub><span lang="FR">                 <b><span style="font-weight: normal;">unde</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">I<sub>c</sub> - curentul de calcul</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">k<sub>I</sub> - coeficient de incarcare</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">P<sub>N</sub> - puterea nominala</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> - randamentul</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">cos</span></b><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">j</span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> - factorul de putere</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">U ' = U<sub>f</sub> tensiunea de faza pentru receptoare monofazate</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">U ' = U<sub>l</sub> tensiunea de linie pentru receptoarele bifazate</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><sub><span lang="DE"><img height="30" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1056" width="82" /></span></sub><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> pentru receptoare trifazate</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">        </span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">circuit utilaj (trifazat)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><sub><span lang="DE"><img height="74" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1055" width="196" /></span></sub><span lang="FR">     <b><span style="font-weight: normal;">unde</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">P<sub>c</sub> - puterea ceruta</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><sub><span lang="DE"><img height="66" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1054" width="130" /></span></sub><span lang="FR">          <b><span style="font-weight: normal;">suma puterilor instalate pentru fiecare circuit afectate de coeficientul de cerere</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Pasul 2.                       </span><b><u><span lang="FR" style="color: red;">Curentul de pornire</span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">            </span><sub><span lang="DE"><img height="42" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1053" width="110" /></span></sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal;">I<sub>N</sub> - curentul nominal al motorului</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal;">K<sub>p</sub> = <span class="GramE">5  -</span>  8                  pentru motoare asincrone cu pornire directa</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal;">K<sub>p</sub> = 1<span class="GramE">,7</span>   -  2,7                       pentru motoare cu pornire stea - triunghi</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal;">K<sub>p</sub> = 1<span class="GramE">,1</span>   -  1,3                       pentru motoare cu pornire reostatica</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Pasul 3.                       </span><b><u><span lang="FR" style="color: red;">Curentul de varf</span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"> </span><sub><span lang="FR"> </span></sub><sub><span lang="DE"><img height="62" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1052" width="162" /></span></sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">I<sub>pmax</sub> - curentul de pornire al celui mai mare motor (receptor)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><sub><span lang="DE"><img height="62" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1051" width="56" /></span></sub><span lang="DE"> </span><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">- suma curentilor de calcul mai putin circuitul cu I<sub>pmax</sub></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-GB">Pasul 4.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">                       </span><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red;">Alegerea sectiunii conductoarelor</span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><sub><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></sub><sub><span lang="DE"><img height="38" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1050" width="86" /></span></sub><span lang="FR">             <b><span style="font-weight: normal;">curentul maxim admisibil al conductorului sa fie mai mare sau egal cu curentul de calcul si din tabelul 1 rezulta sectiunea conductorului.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">Se verifica sectiunea conductorului (s) in regim de scurta durata la pornire:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">            </span><sub><span lang="DE"><img height="68" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1049" width="110" /></span></sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">j<sub>maxadm</sub>=20 A/mm<sup>2</sup> pentru conductoare din Al</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">j<sub>maxadm</sub>=35 A/mm<sup>2</sup> pentru conductoare din Cu</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">Tabelul 1</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">Sectiunea conductorului [mm<sup>2</sup>]</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">I<sub>ma</sub> [A] pentru cablu cu conductoare din :</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">Cu</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">Al</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">0,5</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">12</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> -</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">0,75</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">14</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> -</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">1</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">16</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> -</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">1,5</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">20</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> -</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">2,5</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">28</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> 18</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">36</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> 25</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">6</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">45</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> 35</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">10</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">60</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> 48</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">16</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">80</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> 64</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">25</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">105</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> 90</span></b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">35</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">130</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> 110</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">50</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">160</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> 135</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">70</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">200</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> 170</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">95</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">230</span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> 200</span></b></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Pasul 5.                    <b>   </b></span><b><u><span lang="FR" style="color: red;">Alegerea dispozitivelor de protectie</span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><br />   <b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Solutia clasica este protectia la suprasarcina cu relee termice si la scurtcircuit cu sigurante fuzibile. Aceasta solutie se practica inca pe scara larga dar sunt si alte sisteme de protectie , electronice, presetabile, mult mai eficiente . Regulile dupa care se seteaza valorile acestor dispozitive sunt tot ca la cele clasice.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">        </span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">La suprasarcina - relee termice-</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">I<sub>rT </sub>= I<sub>N</sub></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">        </span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">La scurtcircuit - sigurante fuzibile-</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">I<sub>Nf </sub>>= I<sub>v</sub></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></b><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">         </span></b><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">Verificarea (care asigura protectia coloanei sau circuitului)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="GramE"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal;">I<sub>Nf</sub></span></b></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal;"> <= 3 I<sub>max adm</sub> = 3 j<sub>max adm</sub> s</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Pasul 6.                     <b>  </b></span><b><u><span lang="FR" style="color: red;">Verificarea caderii de tensiune</span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><br />  <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Valorile caderilor de tensiune, in regim normal de functionare, fata de tensiunea nominala a retelei, trebuie sa fie de cel mult:</span></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">    - cand alimentarea consumatorului se face din cofretul de bransament de joasa tensiune</span></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">                - 3% pentru receptoarele din instalatiile de lumina</span></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">                - 5% pentru restul receptoarelor</span></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">    - cand alimentarea consumatorului se face din transformatorul sau centrala proprie</span></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">                - 8% pentru receptoarele din instalatiile de lumina</span></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">                - 10% pentru restul receptoarelor</span></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">    - caderea de tensiune la pornire: max 12% </span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">            </span><sub><span lang="DE"><img height="66" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1048" width="206" /></span></sub><span lang="EN-GB">                    <span class="GramE"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">unde</span></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">:</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">            </span><sub><span lang="DE"><img height="62" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1047" width="62" /></span></sub><span lang="EN-GB">        <b><span style="font-weight: normal;">[1/</span></b></span><b><span lang="DE" style="font-weight: normal;">W</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal;">m] conductivitatea conductoarelor alese</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">            </span><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">U<sub>n</sub>                    [V] tensiunea de linie nominala</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">            P<sub>k</sub>                    [W] puterea transportata pe tronsonul k</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">            l<sub>k</sub>                     [m] lungimea tronsonului k</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">            s<sub>k</sub>                     [m<sup>2</sup>] sectiunea conductorului de faza pe tronsonul k</span></b></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Instalatii sub tencuiala</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><span style="color: black;">Trasarea pe perete a locului viitoarei instalatii electrice cu stabilirea locurilor de intrerupator, priza, doze de ramificatie, etc. </span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.buzznews.ro/media/photos/nqs/2013/01/fire-electrice-inainte-e-tencuit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.buzznews.ro/media/photos/nqs/2013/01/fire-electrice-inainte-e-tencuit.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   Se stabilesc locurile pentru prize, intrerupatoare, corpuri de iluminat, tabloul<span class="GramE">  general</span>, in functie de preferintele proprietarului si respectind regulile de montare ale acestora, sau se respecta proiectul existent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    <span class="GramE">Tuburile si tevile se instaleaza pe trasee verticale si/sau orizontale.</span> Nu se admit trasee oblice decat in cazuri speciale (ex. casa scarilor).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="trasarea.JPG (16289 bytes)" height="298" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image013.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045" width="464" /></span></div>
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<img src="http://catalog3.obo-bettermann.com/img/montagebilder_gross/2003118_mg1.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://catalog3.obo-bettermann.com/img/montagebilder_gross/2003414_mg3.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">2. Executarea trecerilor prin pereti. </span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="GramE"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Se realizeaza prin perforarea acestora cu ajutorul unui burghiu cu diametrul mai mare sau egal cu cel al tubului PVC de trecere.</span></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Daca peretele <span class="GramE">este</span> din caramida sau alte materiale nu foarte dure, se poate</span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> folosi o teava crenelata si ciocanul</span></b><span style="color: black;"><br /></span><span style="color: black;">    3. Realizarea coturilor din PVC (daca <span class="GramE">este</span> cazul). </span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">La instalatiile aparente se recomanda folosirea coturilor din PVC, care pot fi realizate din bucati de tub PVC prin incalzire cu o lampa cu gaz sau cu benzina si, cu oarecare indemanare, se curbeaza la unghiul dorit. <span class="GramE">Se realizeaza mufarea pieselor (tronsoane de tuburi si coturi) prin acelasi procedeu de incalzire si modelare.</span></span></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">       La celelalte tipuri de instalatii se pot folosi tuburi flexibile atat pentru realizarea coturilor cit si pentru realizarea traseelor drepte.</span></b><span style="color: black;"><br /></span><span style="color: black;">    4. Practicarea canalelor pentru circuite si a locurilor pentru doze (de ramificatie si de aparat) in tencuiala. </span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="GramE"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Se realizeaza in modul clasic cu dalta si ciocanul, respectand dimensiunile tuburilor si dozelor.</span></b></span><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">    <span class="GramE">De asemenea se pot realiza folosind unelte mai evoluate; polizor unghiular, masina de gaurit cu percutie, freze speciale etc.<span style="color: black;"><br /></span><span style="color: black;">    5.</span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"> <span class="GramE">Montarea sectiunilor de tub, cu conductoarele introduse, a dozelor si fixarea lor.</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />   1. Se masoara traseul care urmeaza a fi executat (intre doze), pe canalul din tencuiala.<br />    2. Se sectioneaza din tubul flexibil o bucata de lungime determinata la punctul 1 sau se construieste acea sectiune din tub PVC si coturi PVC (daca este cazul).<br />    3. Se introduc conductoarele (in numar corespunzator) de lungime egala cu cea a tubului plus 20 cm la fiecare capat.<br />    4. Se fixeaza aceste tuburi<span class="GramE">  in</span> canalul dintre cele doua doze cu ajutorul unor prize din gips.<br />    5. Se fixeaza dozele in locasurile din tencuiala tot cu gips. Capetele tubului trebuie <span class="GramE">sa</span>ajunga pana in doza (pentru ca inlocuirea ulterioara a conductoarelor sa se faca cu usurinta).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">  <img alt="montarest.jpg (12643 bytes)" height="210" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/201_poze/image014.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044" width="348" /><span style="color: black;"><br /></span><span style="color: black;">    6. Realizarea legaturilor in dozele de ramificatie. </span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />   1. Se scurteaza toate conductoarele la 15 - 20 cm astfel incat <span class="GramE">sa</span> fie egale.<br />    2. Se dezizoleaza toate conductoarele pe o portiune de 5 - 6 cm, avand grija <span class="GramE">sa</span> nu se ciupeasca conductorul.<br />    3. Se realizeaza legaturile prin rasucirea cu patentul a celor 2<span class="GramE">,3</span> max 4 conductoare (din Cu) care  urmeaza sa faca contact electric.<br />    <span class="GramE">Legaturile se pot executa cu ajutorul clemelor de legatura.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    Legaturile pentru imbinari sau derivatii intre conductoarele din <u>cupru</u> se fac prin rasucire si matisare, prin cleme speciale sau prin presare cu scule speciale.     Legaturile conductoarelor din cupru executate prin rasucire si matisare trebuie <span class="GramE">sa</span> aiba minim 10 spire, o lungime a legaturii egala cu 10 ori diametrul conductorului dar de cel putin 2 cm si se cositoresc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><span lang="FR">   </span><span lang="FR">Legaturile pentru imbinari sau derivatii intre conductoarele din <u>aluminiu</u> se fac prin cleme speciale cu suprafete de strangere striate si elemente elastice. Se interzice executarea legaturilor electrice prin simpla rasucire.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    <span class="GramE">Legaturile intre conductoare de cupru si conductoare de aluminiu se fac prin cleme speciale (cupal).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    In ambele cazuri trebuie <span class="GramE">sa</span> se realizeze un contact electric bun cu o rezistenta electrica de contact cat mai mica, astfel incat sa se evite incalzirea acestora in sarcina.<br />    <span class="GramE">In capitolul scheme utile sunt prezentate cele mai reprezentative situatii particulare ale unei instalatii electrice si conexiunile necesare.</span><br />    4. Se formeaza capetele (se taie drept) si se izoleaza cu doua straturi de banda de izolat (daca nu se folosesc cleme).<span style="color: black;"><br /></span><span style="color: black;">    7. Montarea aparatelor si receptoarelor (intrerupatoare, prize, corpuri de iluminat, tablou general etc.) </span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />   <span class="GramE">Aparatele de obicei au borne de legatura.</span><br />    1. La cele cu doua borne (intrerupator simplu, priza fara contact de protectie, lustra simpla etc.<span class="GramE">) ;</span> doua borne - doua fire - fara comentarii.<br />    2. La aparatele cu trei borne<br />        - la prize cu contact de protectie acesta se leaga la conductorul de protectie (impamantare) al instalatiei care <span class="GramE">este</span> de culoare verde-galben. <span class="GramE">Celelalte doua borne (asezate simetric) se vor conecta la firul de faza si respectiv de nul.</span><br />        - <span class="GramE">la</span> intrerupatoare duble, lustre cu comanda dubla, etc. trebuie identificata borna comuna (cu ohmetrul) dupa care se conecteaza ca in schema.<br />    Prinderea aparatelor si a receptoarelor trebuie <span class="GramE">sa</span> fie realizata corespunzator folosindu-se dispozitivele de prindere aflate in dotarea fiecarui aparat.<br />    <span class="GramE">Se monteaza toate capacele si aparatorile de protectie.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14pt;"><u><span style="color: red;">Executarea legaturilor la tablourile electrice</span></u></span></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;"> <span class="GramE">si</span> priza de pamant</span></span></u></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aceste lucrari se fac dupa ce toate receptoarele electrice au fost montate. Executarea legaturilor electrice la tablouri consta in pregatirea capetelor conductelor si apoi conectarea lor la sirul de cleme.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Cu conductele parcurse de curenti pana la 100 A se procedeaza astfel : se dezizoleaza conductoarele pe 1– 1,5 cm, se curata de stratul de oxid, se cositorec prin introducerea in cositor topit, se introduce pe conductor un tub varnis (de acelasi diametru) de 1,5– 2,5cm, se executa conexiunea in cleme si se impinge tubul varnis peste portiunea de conductor dezizolat (fig. 35). Conexiunea in clema se executa slabindu-se surubul de strangere a conductorului in contact, fixandu-se conductorul (cositorit) in contact si strangandu-se la loc surubul clemei. Pe eticheta clemei se noteaza cu creion chimic destinatia legaturii ce s-a executat. Asemanator se procedeaza cu cablurile parcurse de curenti pana la 100 A, cu deosebirea ca se indeparteaza straturile suplimentare de protectie pe o lungime care sa permita manevrarea usoara a conductelor rezultate din cablu. </span>In locul de ramificare a conductelor cablul se fasoneaza asa cum s-<span class="GramE">a</span> aratat anterior. <span lang="FR">Conductele si cablurile parcurse de curenti mai mari de 100 A se prevad la capete cu papuci de legatura.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">                                                    </span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fixarea papucilor se poate face la rece, prin presare, sau la cald, cu material ajutator in stare topita.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fixarea papucilor la rece se poate face atat la canductoarele de cupru cat si la cele de aluminiu. Pentru aceasta se utilizeaza un dispozitiv hidraulic, actionat cu mana, cu care se strange conductorul intre tecile papucului. Fixarea papucilor la cald (lipirea) se face in mod diferit la conductoarele de cupru fata de cele de aluminiu. Conductorul de cupru dupa ce a fost dezizolat se curata de oxid cu o lama ascutita. Apoi se introduce in pasta pentru decapare.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Suprafata interioara a papucului se curata cu o pila rotunda dupa care se unge cu pasta de lipit. Se introduce conductorul in papuc si se fixeaza un snur de azbest la capatul catre izolatia conductei. Urmeaza o preincalzire a papucului (cu lampa cu benzina) dupa care se toarna aliajul de lipit (65% staniu, 35% zinc). Dupa racire snurul de azbest se scoate, iar portiunea respectiva se izoleaza cu banda in cateva straturi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Conductorul de aluminiu, inainte de a se introduce in papuc pentru lipire, se metalizeaza. Conductorul masiv se curata cu peria de sarma se inlatura pilitura cu o pensula, se incalzaste pana la 300°C si se acopera toata suprafata cu materialul de lipire. </span>Daca conductorul <span class="GramE">este</span> multifilar operatia se executa pentru fiecare fir in parte (fig. 36). <span lang="FR">Numai dupa aceea se trece la lipirea propriu-zisa care decurge la fel ca pentru conductoarele de cupru.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dupa ce s-au efectuat legaturile la toate tablourile electrice se trece la executarea legaturilor la pamant. Se verifica daca receptoarele sunt corect legate la nulul de protectie. Se executa apoi legaturile la reteaua generala de legare la pamant. Aceste legaturi se executa aparent pe elementele de constructii din platbanda de 20 x 3 mm² din otel zincat. Fixarea se face cu bratari sau pe console ca in cazul tuburilor de protectie. Legatura la reteaua generala de legare la pamant (o platbanda din otel zincat de 25 x 4 mm²) se face prin sudare sau prin prindere cu surub si piulita. Reteaua generala de legare la pamant se leaga la priza de pamant in doua sau mai multe puncte. Pe fiecare dintre aceste legaturi se afla o piesa de separatie montata ca in figurile 32 si 34. Se verifica ca piesele de separatie sa nu fie desfacute.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fig. 35 Sir de cleme cu legaturile efectuate : 1- sina support ; 2- conector (clema) ;</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3- locasul contactului electric ; 4- conducta ; 5- surub de fixare a conductorului <span class="GramE">;6</span>- tub varnis; 7- eticheta.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img height="285" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/389_poze/image089.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1058" width="599" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fig. 36 Conducta multifilara din aluminiu cu sectiunea de 120mm², desfacuta pentru metalizare.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img height="346" src="http://www.rasfoiesc.com/files/electronica/389_poze/image091.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1059" width="318" /></span></span></div>

Instalatia de iluminat si prize

La proiectarea si executarea instalatiilor electrice interioare pentru iluminat normal si prize se va tine seama de urmatoarele aspecte: -...

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Instalatia de iluminat si prize

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